How to Tackle Kelloggs 2016-2017 Video Essays

Northwestern Universitys Kellogg School of Management has double downed on the recent trend of video essays, bringing back their video essay for another year. Kellogg has continued to tweak the questions and format over the years but the general premise and ways to succeed in this aspect of their application have remained consistent. As far as the operational aspects go, you have a week to complete the video essays after submission of your application the video essays themselves are pretty straightforward and should be approached as such. I believe that these video essays are genuinely used so that the admissions committee can â€Å"get to know† the candidate on a more personal level. Therefore, the applicant should try to be friendly and open about the questions (while still being appropriate, of course) rather than overly stiff and formal. The video essays  can also be used as another way for the Admissions Committee to get a little glimpse into the  personality traits of applicants. This is not  something that will be really tricky or challenging, such as a mini-case it is much more personal. Kellogg is looking to see how you come across in an unscripted, conversational moment. The important thing to remember here is to convey calm confidence and answer the question directly within the time allotted. The good thing  about these video essays is  that you have a bank of 10 practice questions to prep with, so utilize this to get a feel for the questions and the technology. I would also recommend practicing a few responses for timing purposes to see how long or short a minute really is. This is the kind of thing where I think over-preparation could potentially backfire, since you dont know what the questions will be (outside of video prompt #2, which the school has made publicly available to all). Remember, the objective of the exercise is to be yourself and have fun,  so be ready to be flexible in your responses to what you are asked. Your personality should be consistent with who you have portrayed yourself to be in the application (which should be in line  with who you really are) while factoring how the Admissions Committee perceives you (young candidate, international, brain, etc.). Prep some responses to common questions under each of the prompt categories, but keep in mind that these questions are not meant to be brain teasers, just personal questions you should have sorted through about yourself and your interest in the school prior to completing your application.  One question will be Kellogg-focused,  another will be more personal and the last will exploring a challenge you have faced. Finally, try and have a good structure in your responses to the questions communication is obviously one of the major elements being tested here, so stay poised and show off that executive presence Kellogg values so much. For more thoughts on Kellogg, check out our free  Essential Guide to Top Business Schools. Applying to Kellogg  or other business schools? Call us at 1-800-925-7737 and speak with an MBA admissions expert today, or take our free MBA Admissions Profile Evaluation  for personalized advice for your unique application situation! As always, be sure to find us on  Facebook,  YouTube,  Google+  and Twitter. Dozie A.  is a Veritas Prep Head Consultant for the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. His specialties include consulting, marketing, and low GPA/GMAT applicants. You can read more articles by him  here.

Essay on Samples of Explanation

Essay on Samples of ExplanationIf you have had the opportunity to write an assignment on samples of explanation, you might have wondered whether to make a note of it for future reference. If so, then, reading on will reveal a few simple tips on how to go about writing an essay on samples of explanation. It's easy, and it doesn't take much time at all.We live in a world that values a term paper that is clear and concise. That means there are three things that you can include in your assignment that will help you show that you've mastered the art of composition. Three things that you really must have, because they are not very often used.The first thing is your choice of words. Many students do not take the time to include them, but we all know what those words mean. There are those that are better used as nouns, and there are those that are better used as verbs. Just to help get the point across, they can be highlighted.The second thing you should include in your sample of explanation is a quotation. There are plenty of examples out there, but you can also show those examples from a real situation by using quotes. They are really only a few characters in the story, and they can add that extra bit of depth to your essay. There are even links to other quotations at the end of your essay.The third thing you should consider is an example of analysis. Yes, this is a real option. When your example of analysis is included with your statement of conclusion, you should let it give you some insight into the writer's thought process. It may even lead you to reflect on how you want to shape your final essay. Sometimes it can even lead you to a conclusion that is both plausible and admirable.You can see that the three things you need to include in your essay on samples of explanation can be difficult to do in a term paper. This is because the standard format for an essay is quite loose, and the rules of composition are very loose, too. It's easy to deviate from the format to the point that you are actually starting to become a chapter instead of an essay. I cannot tell you how many students fail to realize that a chapter is not an essay, because the structure does not fit that way.By including these three options in your sample of explanation, you can ensure that you can go into the writing process knowing exactly what you need to do to make your essay is well-written. I encourage you to include them, too. This will provide clarity and style in the essay. So make sure you include them in your essay.

The Epic Of Beowulf, Grendel s Mother, And The Fire Dragon

Throughout the epic of Beowulf there are three main battles; the battle with Grendel, Grendel s Mother, and the Fire Dragon. While there are notable differences be- tween the battles, common motivations and themes exist. The epic s protagonist King of Geats Beowulf, is a great warrior who fights with courage and honor to fulfill his role as a hero. The sense of duty associated with being a hero inspires him to fight, but ultimately leads him to his demise. Beowulfs battle with Grendel is the first major battle in the book, and we learn a lot about Beowulf from it. Grendel, a man-eating monster who lived at the bottom of mere had been devouring men from the King Hrothgar s mead hall every day for many years. This was problematic for†¦show more content†¦After the battle, the Danes celebrate by displaying Grendel s arm as a trophy in the mead hall. Then King Hrothgar showers Beowulf with gifts and respect to honor his end of comitatus. Shortly after Beowulfs battle with Grend el, Grendel s mother begins to terrorize Herot for killing her son. Beowulf is agitated by this, and agrees to fight Grendel s moth- er. Before the battle Beowulf swims down into the lake with his sword. He meets Grendel s mother in her lair, and they fight. Grendel s mother manages to trap Beowulf, but he is saved by his chainmail. Beowulf then kills Grendel s mother with an ancient sword hurunting which never loses. This battle shows a progression of Beowulfs character, because he fought with weapons this time instead of fighting unarmed. It s also important to note that he almost lost this battle, which is foreshadowing his demise in the battle with the Fire Dragon, as battles are won by narrower margins After the battle with Grendel s Mother, Beowulf says his farewells to King Hroth gar, who ends up breaking down into sudden tears, because he knows that he will never see Beowulf again. When Beowulf returns home, he presents his treasure to Hygelac. Unfortunately, Hygelac and his son die in battle, which leaves Beowulf as the king. For 50 years, Beowulf rules his kingdom undisturbed. After 50 years, the fire breathing dragon which guards the treasure becomes very angry when his goblet is stolen. TheShow MoreRelatedBeowulf, The Epic Hero1373 Words   |  6 Pages12, 2015 Beowulf, The Epic Hero In Anglo Saxon times, Beowulf is considered a well known epic hero. â€Å"Epic heroes are literary characters from ancient mythology and other stories, which were written down in the form of long, narrative epic poems. The hero is the main character, or protagonist of the poem†(Epic Hero: Definition, Characteristics Examples.). The epic hero usually battles for accomplishments to a set of tasks to complete important goals. Beowulf is described as an epic hero becauseRead MoreGood vs. Evil in Beowulf1456 Words   |  6 PagesGood vs. Evil in Beowulf Beowulf is longest and greatest early Anglo-Saxon poem which was composed in England sometime in the eighth century AD by a literate scop. This poem was created in the oral poetic tradition. This poem is considered as an epic because it is a long narrative poem which composed in an elevated style, dealing with the glories of hero (Tolkien 24). The setting of this epic is the six century in Denmark and southern Sweden. The protagonist, Beowulf is a noble warrior representsRead MoreThe Epic Of Epic Poems1106 Words   |  5 Pages Epic poems played a significant role in maintaining historical events during the Middle Ages. With very little written records, epic poems were memorized and passed down as an oral communication for generations. Beowulf was an example of this type of story that may have existed for a century before it was documented. Unfortunately, due to this type of record keeping, there is no accurate account of the time frame that Beowulf was created or even by what author. It could be deduced that thisRead MoreBeowulf s Last Battle Of The Epic Hero954 Words   |  4 Pagesevil Grendel and his mother, the epic hero, Beowulf, faces his third and final monster, a dragon that has been attacking Geatland. But this last battle will be completely different than the ones before, and spells the end for our epic hero. !!!Beowulf s Last Battle Starting around line 2200 of the great epic poem __ Beowulf __, we have the entrance of the last of the monsters that Beowulf must overcome as part of the epic hero cycle. But this battle is unlike the earlier battles Beowulf facedRead MoreBeowulf Heroism : A Brave Man1238 Words   |  5 Pages Beowulf Heroism A brave man is a person who can make the right choice, and if they have made a pitiable choice they can acknowledge the consequences. They’re brave and unselfish, and always willing to provide a helping hand to those who want it. A hero is someone who is thoughtful and never gives up no matter how tough it is. Every hero has certain heroic uniqueness. Beowulf illustrates for the most part a brave man of the Anglo-Saxon times. Beowulf is the male protagonistRead MoreGood vs. Evil1659 Words   |  7 PagesGood Vs. Evil In Beowulf, the conflict between good and evil is the poem s main and most important aspect. The poet makes it clear that good and evil doesn’t exist as only opposites, but that both qualities are present in everyone. Beowulf represents the ability to do good or to perform acts selflessly and in help of others. Goodness is also showed throughout this epic as having the ability to cleanse evil. Even though evil is presented by Grendel, Grendel s mother, and the dragon, who are filledRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1176 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen nearly fifteen movies that were made after â€Å"Beowulf†. It may be due to the fact that â€Å"Beowulf† is one of the most famous epic poems in the English Literature history. It is also the oldest surviving epic poem to date. â€Å"Beowulf† was written in 10000 AD in Old English by an author who remains unknown. In â€Å"Beowulf†, there are many important literary elements that help empa thize the main motif of the poem. The motif of this poem is courage. Beowulf is about courage and it is shown through the charactersRead MoreEssay about Pagan Aspects in Beowulf1573 Words   |  7 Pages Scholars have argued about the religious stance of the epic poem Beowulf for centuries. Although the man who put the poem down on paper, known as the Beowulf poet, was a devout Christian, the actual poem itself is pagan. There are many clues in the epic that lead us to this conclusion such as the numerous references to pagan symbols, namely the symbol of fate. Also, the central idea of revenge in the poem opposes the ideas of Christianity. The poem also contains many breaches of the TenRead MoreBeowulf, The Epic Hero1239 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf, The Epic Hero An epic is a long poem, usually derived from ancient oral stories, describing the adventures and deeds of a legendary hero. Typically, most epics follow a pattern or hold certain characteristics. These characteristics are; a hero, a quest, valorous deeds, divine intervention, and great events. The hero is usually the protagonist that in which is sent on a quest. As the heroes proceed on their quest, they will exhibit valorous deeds or actions that show their character. EpicsRead MoreChristian Allegory in Beowulf1027 Words   |  4 PagesThe Anglo-Saxon poem â€Å"Beowulf† takes the reader back into a time long past; one of family, fate, and fealty. Beowulf offers a glimpse of a society struggling between two different paths, one path being the assimilation into the new Christian traditions and the other is the fast fading past of glorified warriors and family ties. In the poem, the reader can see the attempts of the poet to convey the values and stories of Judeo-Christiani ty in a society of Anglo-Saxon paganism. The poet illustrates

Assessment Of Ihc4 - 1643 Words

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to explore the value of IHC4 in predicting pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with hormonal receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer (BC). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective exploratory study, data for 68 HR-positive BC patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were recorded. IHC4 scores were calculated based on estrogen receptors/progesterone receptors, Ki-67 and HER2 status. Logistic and ordinal regression analyses in addition to likelihood ratio test were used to explore associations of IHC4 scores and other clinico-pathological parameters with pathological complete response (pCR) and pathological stage. Results: Taking the 25th percentile as the cut-off, a†¦show more content†¦This raised a critical need for predictors of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy to optimize therapeutic outcome. The Oncotype DX recurrence score, based on a 21-gene signature, has been proven to estimate the risk of recurrence in early hormone receptors (HR)-positive BC patients treated with adjuvant hormonal therapy (Dowsett et al., 2010). It has also been shown to predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.In Patients treated with neoadjuvant docetaxel, those with a high recurrence score were more likely to have pCR (Chang et al., 2008). In addition, pCR was linked with higher expression of proliferation-related genes and lower expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-related genes (Gianni et al., 2005). However, the cost and complexity of gene-based assays highlight the need for developing more simplified predictive tools. Immune-histochemistry (IHC)-4 score was developed based on the assessment of four key proteins in breast cancer including ER, progesterone receptors (PR), HER2 and Ki-67 (Cuzick et al., 2011). In the adjuvant setting of ER-positive patients, IHC4 score was found to provide prognostic information similar to that provided by Oncotype DX-recurrence score (Cuzick et al., 2011). This score was further validated in the cohort ofpatients involved in the tamoxifen exemestene adjuvant multinational (TEAM) study (Christiansen et al., 2012). However, the value of IHC4 score as a predictor of response to

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High School Reform Is Flawed And Now Essay - 1728 Words

It is no secret that the educational system is flawed and now people need to start taking high school reform to the next level and all schools should at least consider it. With a well thought out high school reform plan, the school could be so much better, with less drop out rates and having the students actually enjoy learning instead of hating it. High school reform is a huge project that will constantly be changing throughout the years but if the right ideas are thrown in, schools could improve each year. The futures of high schools have so much potential, it is not just the teachers, staff, etc. but it is also the students that need to make an effort to improve the schools. If everyone is willing to work together to help the public high schools and schools in general, high school reform could be the next big step that every school takes. There are a lot of causes of high school reform, one that is very important is that parents are not involved enough. What these parents do for t he children at home is very important for the child s education and school skills. Being able to improve communication in schools between the parents,staff, and the children would help the parents be more involved with their kids grades and be informed about educational things that are going on at the school. â€Å"Parents are the most important partner in a child’s education and schools can reap large dividends by capitalizing on their support.† (Getting Parents Involved in Schools. ReadingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Educational Reform On High School Programs1167 Words   |  5 PagesEducational reform is a subject frequently being evaluated, and it is currently needed more than ever. Due to high school programs such as No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top, teaching has been emphasized through a series of tests. The problem with this, is that â€Å"a teacher can prep students for a standardized test, get a bump in scores, and yet not be providing a very good education† (Rose 21). Meaning, instructors may be knowledgeable on how to raise test scores, but their students can remainRead MoreA Critique of Philosophical Approaches to Criminal Justice Reform1488 Words   |  6 PagesA Critique of Philosophical Approaches to Criminal Justice Reform People are arrested every day in the United States. They are put on probation or sent to jail, and sometimes they are let out on parole; there are millions of people affected. In 1995 alone there were over five million people under some form of correctional supervision, and the number is steadily increasing. The incarceration rate is skyrocketing: the number of prison inmates per 100,000 people has risen from 139 in 1980 toRead MoreStandardized Tests Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pagespenalize the deep student, dampen creativity, foster intellectual dishonesty, and undermine the very foundations of education (Hoffman, 1962). Many high school students do not even take these tests seriously because many of them are at the same intellectual level as adults and realize that the tests are flawed. Still, they might not consider that these flawed tests might lessen their chances of getting into college. Certainly, one could envision a system of standardized tests where learning is at theRea d MoreStandardized Testing Has Impacted Public Schools1348 Words   |  6 PagesStudents are overwhelmed with school, work, extra-curricular activities, family, etc. Perhaps standardized tests are a major contributor to students’ stress. A standardized test is any test scored in a consistent manner and requires test-takers to answer identical questions. Among the most common include the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and the American College Test (ACT). According to the article â€Å"Standardized Testing Has Negatively Impacted Public Schools† from Opposing Viewpoints in ContextRead MoreThe Texas Assessment Of Knowledge And Skills1612 Words   |  7 Pagesthey are awarded with more resources better school system and less behavioral problems. All these things play a huge affect on a student and its grades. A child in a lower populated area will have a hard time focusing on school if they go home to the lights being out, or no food, barely any clothes and hardly ev er see their parent. They are trying to figure out to survive. Hightower High School is located in the Fort bend district one of the top schools and out of 2,426 students 41 of that drop outRead MoreEducation From Rabelais Perspective1079 Words   |  5 Pagesduring his time. As a humanist thinker, Rabelais values education and reform. The author was extremely familiar with the university system in France during the Renaissance because he himself studied in these places. Francois Rabelais emphasizes that education has progressed since the Middle Ages, but he also affirms problems still persist during the Renaissance period. Rabelais critiques medieval education to demonstrate the flawed system prior to the Renaissance. Rabelais finds issue with â€Å"traditionalRead MoreThe Importance Of The No Child Left Behind Act1461 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom K-12 students with aid from government funding within high poverty schools. The NCLB has been a great initiative to promote performance for all students, especially those from minorities, special education and English Language Learners (Chen, G.) As stated in ‘Examining the Assumptions of Underlying the NCLB Federal Accountability Policy on School Improvement,’ this policy has received a great amount of recognition as well as many flawed assumptions that make us question if the good really out-waysRead MoreHigh School and Act1525 Words   |  7 PagesStates federal law signed on January 8, 2002 by George Bush, that reauthorizes a number of federal programs that aim to improve the performance of primary and secondary schools by increasing the sta ndards of accountability for state, school districts and schools, as well as providing parents more flexibility in choosing which schools their children will attend. NCLB is built on four principles: accountability for results, more choices for parents, greater local control and flexibility, and an emphasisRead MoreImpact Of Education On The Economy And Current Faults1316 Words   |  6 Pagesissue impacting our economy and our futures; with multiple factors in education that ensure the productivity of a nation, it is very important to be utilizing our education system to the best of our abilities. Unfortunately, our current system is flawed and is causing major inefficiency’s within our economy; fortunately we already have the power and knowledge necessary to improve education, implementing these solutions is a way to encourage the utilization of human capital and innovation. ThroughRead MoreNo Child Left Behind958 Words   |  4 Pagesgoing to give up on a school thats pe rforming poorly; that when we find poor performance, a school will be given time and incentives and resources to correct their problems. (Bush) NCLB Is Based on Four Principles of Educational Reform †¢ Accountability: Guaranteeing Results †¢ Flexibility: Local Control for Local Challenges †¢ Research-Based Reforms: Proven Methods with Proven Results †¢ Parental Options: Choices for Parents, Hope for Kids (ed.gov) How Does NCLB Hold Schools Accountable for Results

Randy Kraft Essays - 2476 Words

Randy Kraft Sotey Thomas Dr. K. Dowler California State University Stanislaus This research paper is based on the actions of the serial killer named Randy Kraft. This paper will contain three separate theories that will be used to describe and possibly answer reasons why he did what he did. The three theories that will be included are rational choice and routine activities from the Choice Theory, the social strain theory from the Social Structure Theory and the social control theories from the Social Process Theory. Randy Kraft was born in 1945 in Long Beach, California. Kraft was the 4th of 5 children and was the only boy. He was very accident prone and clumsy as a young boy but throughout school was very†¦show more content†¦His victims were specifically targeted because of their vulnerability without guardianship, whether it was a friend or just someone watching them in the bars. Opportunity was the main factor in this course of action as Kraft was on the look out for possible threats to his plans. As Katz explains in his methodology, the seductions in crime and immediate benefits were the rationale to Kraft. These acts could be equated to as the pain versus pleasure principle, and the pain had yet to come. These actions became more and more violent as it became easier for Kraft to perpetrate. Each victim fell to the motivations of Kraft and the opportunity they presented to him. The only thing that could stop this offender was being caught, which happened in the summer of 1983. He was stopped for a traffic violation and in the passenger seat was his last victim, found dead with his bloody yet intact testicles hanging out of his pants. The killing lasted over a time span of 13 years and Kraft was found guilty on 16 counts of murder, sodomy, and mutilation. He was sentenced to death in 1989; this was possibly his only deterrence from committing these acts again. The choices this man made are consistent with those explained in the routine and rational activities theory. Co hen and Felsons 3 elements of crime were absolutely correct, the victims being suitable targets and in this case the lack ofShow MoreRelatedSerial Killer Speech Essay984 Words   |  4 Pagesabnormal social emotions in real life. The study showed they lacked empathy and compassion. C. There is evidence that many serial killers suffered head injuries. Bobby Joe Long (motorcycle accident), Earle Nelson (childhood accident), Randy Kraft (fell down concrete steps), Albert Fish (fell from tree), David Berkowitz (auto accident), Kenneth Bianchi (fell off jungle gym), Raymond Fernandez (steel hatch cover on freighter fell on his head) and Carl Panzram (head infection where he wasRead MoreStarbucks Mission Strategic Choices5799 Words   |  24 Pagespast  success? Randy Tanner, 2009 Starbucks Mission and Strategic Choices: Are They in Alignment? Cover Sheet: Starbucks Corp. 2401 Utah Avenue South Seattle, WA 98134 Phone: 206-447-1575 Fax: 206-682-7570 Web Site: http://www.starbucks.com Business Plan presented to: Howard Schultz, Chairman of the Board, President, CEO Starbucks Board of Directors Prepared by: Randy S. Tanner Read MoreLeveraged Buyouts Essay8240 Words   |  33 PagesBob Leonard Dan Botoff Doug Adams Dylan Tornay Howard Hiller Jason Gibson Chris Hasty Sue Lee Bob Waldman Jennifer Van Nest Dale Goncher Mike Bruneau Patrick Boultinghouse Katherine Klazsout Mark Richman Rob Freiman Jason Shrednick ? Reddy Hugh Au Randy Barker Chad Leat Andy Safran Hal Clark Bruce Chung Maheen Baig James Scully Eric DeNatale Allen Bouch Steve Pearlman Russell Munn Aaron Tavel Irina Adler Shanshan Cao Power Corporate Banking Equity Capital Markets Barbara Matas Ed CrookRead MoreBusiness Process Reengineering9009 Words   |  37 Pagesapplied Many public and private sector organizations and SMEs Word-wide had undergone major reengineering efforts. The technique was applied first to multinational cooperations, such as IBM, ATT, SONY, GENERAL ELECTRIC, WALL MART, HEWLLET PACKARD, DEC, KRAFT FOODS having as a result major downsizing in their organizational structures. Later, the banking sector began to reengineer with a great degree of success such as CITIBANK , NORTHWESTERN BANK, BANK OF AMERICA and others. Major utility companies usedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesWestern Carolina University Daniel Sherman, University of Alabama, Huntsville Heather Shields, Texas Tech University Ted Shore, California State University at Long Beach Stuart Sidle, University of New Haven Bret Simmons, University of Nevada Reno Randy Sleeth, Virginia Commonwealth University William Smith, Emporia State University Kenneth Solano, Northeastern University Shane Spiller, Morehead State University Lynda St. Clair, Bryant University John B. Stark, California State University, BakersfieldRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesto a hypothesis testing task —there are necessary steps in the hypothesis-testing procedure that you must write yourself. Figure 10.12 Calculator output for the single-sample t test. This page intentionally left blank Chapter 11  © Randy Wells/Getty Images ââ€"   ââ€"   Comparing Two Populations or Treatments any investigations are carried out for the purpose of comparing two populations or treatments. For example, the article â€Å"Learn More, Earn More?† (ETS Policy Notes [1999]: 1–12) described

The Life And Times Of Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the eldest of Martin Luther King, Sr., a Baptist minister, and Alberta Williams King. His Father served as a pastor of a large Atlanta church, Ebenezer Baptist, which had been founded by Martin Luther King, Jr.s maternal grandfather. King, Jr., was ordainded as a Baptist minister at age 18. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;King attended local segrated public school, where he excelled. He entered a nearby college, Morehouse College, at age 15 and graduated with a bachelors degree in sociology in 1948. After graduating with honors from Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania in 1951, he went to Boston University where he earned a doctoral†¦show more content†¦On December 1, city busses were integrated showing that the boycott had been sucsessful. The civil rigths movement took a big step forward during the Greensboro sit-ins. Each day of the sit-ins the number of participants increased. The pressure they put on Woolworths, their original target, caused profits to be decreased by 50% in 1950. Eventually on July 25, the first black person was allowed to eat at the lunch counter. These sit-ins also caused the formation of crucial organizations. Student Non-violent Coodinating Commitee (SNCC) was founded by the students involved in the sit-ins. SNCC drafted a code to be used by the entire non-violent movement. Some of the points in the code included dont strike back, dont laugh out, dont hold converstaions with floor walkers, and remember love and non-violence Though King was not directly involved in the sit-ins, he was the moral leader and inspiration for the whole movement. Knowing Kings strong belief in equality and intergration, when Philip Randolph planned The March on Washington he asked King to organize and speak at the event. The purpose of the demonstration was to demand strong federal protection of black rights and to inspire the people. Other unsucsessful demonstrations had been planned in the past but failed due to the use of militant, more violent means of protest. Many government officials were strongly against The March onShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesWhy was Martin Luther King Jr. such an inspiration to African Americans in America? Martin Luther King Jr. was an American minister, Civil Rights leader, and activist who had a strong belief in nonviolent protests (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). He was the leader behind the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington which were eventually effective and a law was passed to end racial discrimination (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested forRead MoreOutliers Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesOutlier Essay: Martin Luther King Jr. An outlier is a person or thing situated away or detached from the main body or system. In other words, an outlier is somebody who goes out of his or her way and does something extraordinary in order to accomplish their goal. Martin Luther King Jr. is a true example of an outlier. In the early 1900s, segregation was strongly recognized in the United States, until Martin Luther King Jr. stood up for what he believed in and made a change. Although he made a differenceRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of the I Have a Dream Speech by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1219 Words   |  5 Pagesechoed throughout Washington D.C. August 28, 1963 as Martin Luther King Jr. paved the path to freedom for those suffering from racial segregation. It was the day of the March on Washington, which promoted Civil Rights and economic equality for African Americans. In order to share his feelings and dreams with the rest of the nation, Martin Luther King Jr. gave his speech encouraging all to overcome racial s egregation. Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have a Dream speech was very effective due to theRead MoreEssay on The Life of Martin Luther King Jr.1244 Words   |  5 Pagesone step at a time. He devoted his life to changing the world. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born to Alberta and Martin Luther King. Alberta Williams King was born September 13, 1904 in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther King, Sr. was born December 19, 1899 in Stockbridge, Georgia. Martins dad was a pastor at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. His mother was a school teacher. His siblings were Christine King Farris born September 11, 1927, and Alfred Daniel Williams King born July 30Read Moreâ€Å"I Am Happy To Join With You Today In What Will Go Down1420 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.† (Lerone Bennett Jr. pg.125) Being a hero means to be a leader. To be a leader you have to have strength, courage, and commitment. In the 1960s, there were many leaders fighting for what they believe is the right of freedom and equality of all people. A major leader, Martin Luther King Jr. was involved in the Civil Rights Movement during the 60s. King was influenced by advocates of nonviolence such as Mahatma Gandhi. He wanted to seekRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay871 Words   |  4 Pages Dr. Martin Luther King Jr was born in Atlanta Georgia on January 15, 1929. His parents were Reverend Martin Luther King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his siblings were guided by the spiritual teachings from their father and attended public schools in Atlanta during their childhood. King and his nine siblings grew up in a financially secure middle class family. They received a better education than the average child of their race, King noticed this and it influencedRead MoreBeing A Hero Means To Be A Leader. To Be A Leader You Have1124 Words   |  5 Pagesfreedom and equality of all people. Major leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X they were involved with the Civil Rights Movement during the 60s. They were willing to fight until the end to make a change in society. Both men wanted to give the rights to all black people in America of living as an equal human being. But they both had their own ways of trying to make history and trying t o make a difference for black people. Martin Luther believed in fighting verbally to fight with wisdomRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr., A Political Icon Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause they and their accomplishments have forever changed society and the world. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of those individuals. Martin Luther Kings contributions to history place him in this inimitable position. One of the great figures in the march of human history, Martin Luther King Jr., like Gandhi before him, lived by a heroic credo of non-violence. More than two decades since his death, Martin Luther King ideas; his call for racial equality, his faith in the ultimate triumph of justiceRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr1194 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Simmons 1 Gabrielle Simmons Mrs. Fitzgerald Social Studies 8A 4/27/10 Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a well known and an inspiring man to all cultures of the world. King was and still is one of the most influential heroes. King s views and believes helped African Americans through the 50 s and 60 s to the rights and liberties that was their right. King faced many obstacles on his journey, things like jail and even assassination attempts. Despite these obstacles,Read MoreWho knew the two most powerful African Americans that influence countless of people in history and700 Words   |  3 Pageslocked up in jail? Martin Luther King Jr. was incarcerated because the city officials issued a court injunction to prohibit the civil rights marches in Birmingham. Whereas, Malcolm x was arrested for burglary while trying to pick up a stolen watch he had left for repairs at a jewelry shop. The fight for civil right was taken in the 1960s, where racism was a problem. Whites discriminated blacks because they thought they werent equal to them. This is where Martin Luther K ing Jr. and Malcom X come

Similarities and Variations in the Writings of Dic Essay Example For Students

Similarities and Variations in the Writings of Dic Essay kinson and LawrenceSimilarities and Variations in the Writings of Dickinson and LawrenceAlthough Emily Elizabeth Dickinson and David Herbert Lawrence lived andwrote during two different times, and in different parts of the world, theirpoetry contains many similarities. At the time Dickinson was being laid to restin Massachusetts, Lawrence was born in Nottingham, England. Also, along with thelikenesses, they both have many differences. These affinities anddissimilarities can be seen in poems written by these authors dealing withsnakes. The first disparities can be seen in the meter of these two poems. Lawrence writes his poem, Snake, in a free verse style, whereas Dickinson writesher untitled poem as she did many of her poems, in iambic tetrameter andtrimeter. The meter of her poem shifts in every other line from four meters tothree. A narrow fellow in the grass, Occasionally rides;, exhibits this formof rhythm. Lawrences free verse style is also a characteristic of many of hisworks. His poem contains no conventional style of meter, only alternating longand short lines which can also be witnessed in the structure of the poem. The rhythm and the structure of these two poems directly influence oneanother. Lawrence and his free verse style are reflected in the long and shortlines in his poem, whereas Dickinsons structure is more of a conventionalstructure. Lawrence has no set number of lines per line or stanza. Dickinson, onthe other hand, has four lines per stanza and although no set number of words ina line, the meter is repeated throughout the poem. Once again, we see twodiverse styles from the two authors. When we examine rhyme patterns of the two poems, we begin to seesimilarities between the two authors. both authors seem to ignore a strict rhymepattern. Lawrence appears to have absolutely no rhyme pattern what so ever whichonce again reflects his free verse style. Dickinson as well averts from using astrong rhyme pattern. Dickinson occasionally uses partial rhyming in her poem(for example rides,is and sun,gone), a device common among many poets ofthe following century. One might say that Dickinsons partial rhyming, andLawrences lack of effective rhyme might be to accommodate their strong wordchoice. Word choice is another strong similitude of the two poets. Dickinson andLawrence use very similar word choice in their respective pieces. One of thefirst things that we notice with Dickinsons poem is that she never uses theword snake. This can be traced to her attempt to personify the snake. She usesthe word fellow, and refers to the snake as him throughout the poem in anattempt to manifest the snake. Lawrence uses very strong word choice to describehis feelings toward and because of the snake. Such words as cowardice, humility, and perversity get his point across in superb manner. The two poetsuse such word choice to symbolize their feelings toward the snake. Symbolism is an area where we see both likenesses and dissimilaritiesbetween Dickinson and Lawrence. Dickinson uses visual and sensual expressions tosymbolize the snake . Such words as boggy, and cold shed heartless feelingsabout the snake. Yet when she wants to project feelings of fondness and delightin the snake, she uses sun and cordiality to show this. Lawrence also usesstrong symbolism throughout his piece. Such phrases as fissure in the earth wall in the gloom, and Into the burning bowels of this earth symbolize the snakes evil, dark life. Most of the symbolism in Lawrences poemcan be seen in his choice of colors. .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c , .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c .postImageUrl , .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c , .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c:hover , .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c:visited , .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c:active { border:0!important; } .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c:active , .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2dce19e6cfd79bb9680cdace98a7540c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy EssayAlthough Dickinson never actually voices any colors, they are depictedthroughout her poem through abstract references. Such depictions are, grass, spotted shaft, and sun. All of these abstract references to color symbolizeher like for the snake. Lawrence, on the other hand, uses color as a very strongway to show his symbolism. He uses such colors as yellow brown, and earth brown, to describe the snake. So, yet used in different ways, both authors usecolors to express their sentiments for the snake. A major part of both poems are the emotions expressed through each piece. Lawrence seems to have a deeper emotion in his work. His numerous feelings suchas fright, amazement, cowardice and perversity are exhibited throughout the poem,and at the very end we see a strong emotion of pity and guilt. Dickinson alsoconveys strong emotions through her work as well. Her feelings of innocence andfright are passed along to the reader in the last two stanzas. In conclusion, we see many areas of similarities and variations in theseauthors work. Although each author had his or her own distinct style, theyshared an amazing resemblance in their work. Dickinsons combination of vividfeelings and familiar verse, and Lawrences picturesque symbolism are strongpoints for each author; yet living in different places and living at separatetimes they both seemed to share an overall analogy. English

Gambling Addiction Essay Research Paper Gambling AddictionPicture free essay sample

Gambling Addiction Essay, Research Paper Gambling Addiction Picture this state of affairs: A adult male who is holding jobs at place and is low on hard currency decides to travel to a casino and seek his fortune. He places little stakes at first, wins a few times, and feels great. Finally the hazard becomes excessively small for him, and he begins to wager more. He begins losing the bigger stakes and shortly loses all of his money. He is trapped in an emotional rut as he remembers the great feeling he got from winning, and begins borrowing money to seek to cover his debts. His chancing accelerates to a manic gait, while he continuously denies the badness of his job. He believes that merely one immense win will work out all of his jobs. Meanwhile he loses his married woman who does non swear him any longer. His wont finally becomes the focal point of his life. Now I # 8217 ; m non stating chancing is incorrect, I enjoy it as a nickel-and-dime avocation, but I think of it as amusement merely. You can # 8217 ; t expect to win every clip you gamble. I # 8217 ; ve even felt trapped in a rut similar to the adult male in the narrative above, where I thought I could win all my money back, and it neer happened. It was so that I realized chancing should be done purely for amusement. Accustomed gaming, or chancing dependence, is a danger to the populace. Gambling is defined as any behaviour that involves the risking of money or valuables on the result of a game, competition, or other event that is partly or wholly dependent on opportunity. Gambling has been traveling on in America for 100s of old ages. In historical America, lotteries were used for neutralizing belongings, and fire hook and other card games were played as an after-dinner activity. In 1991 gross chancing net incomes were at an estimated 100 billion dollars. One twelvemonth subsequently in 1992 the figures jumped to an estimated 300 billion dollars. This shows that chancing has late grown in popularity and is an issue in today # 8217 ; s society. Problem chancing behavior consequences in negative effects including household jobs, peer relationship problems, legal and money problems, anxiousness, and moodiness. Family jobs come from the fact that unsafe gamblers are ever inquiring for money from friends and household, remaining out tardily, and lying to their important other about money issues. This puts a strain on household dealingss to the point where the gambler can no longer be trusted at place. Peer relationships suffer in the same manner. Friends and equals can no longer swear a job gambler, and moodiness from debt makes relationships worse. Legal and money problems arise from obvious grounds. Gambling nuts increasingly bet more and more money in an effort to sco rhenium large or win back lost stakes. In most instances, this neer happens, and in some instances chancing nuts fall into legal problems when they can’t pay back the loans taken out to back up their wont. All of these jobs lead to extreme anxiousness and terrible moodiness. Former nuts say that they had no control over their urges and there was no manner out other so to acquire the following large mark. These factors are all grounds why chancing dependence is unsafe to the populace. Some people would reason that accustomed gaming is non unsafe to the populace. They say it is clean merriment, if controlled, and that Americans O.K. of gaming because 90 per centum of grownups have tried it at least one time. America does non needfully O.K. of unsafe gaming, nevertheless, and I # 8217 ; m certain America does non O.K. of the habit-forming wonts, the misrepresentation, or the debts unsafe chancing causes. Peoples argue that gaming has brought in money that is used for the public good. In world, chancing such as lotteries conveying money into the province, but at the disbursal of the populace. To hold one victor, there must be one million millions of also-rans. Many other people support chancing because they believe the high monetary value of nutrient, vesture, and other expensive merchandises in day-to-day life have made chancing an progressively alluring option to do large money in a little period of clip. No affair how alluring gaming might be for these grounds, t his doesn # 8217 ; t extinguish the fact that people lose more than they win. Why else are casinos so large and so rich? Peoples seeking to win large to pay for things in their day-to-day life will in most instances end up losing all their money. The existent inquiry is: Is chancing for amusement or for money? As worlds, we are ever tempted by money and we ever want more money. Gambling is a game of opportunity and fortune ; we either win or lose, and the opportunities of losing are ever greater than winning. Gambling addicts become trapped in a labyrinth of wins and losingss. They can neer win adequate to cover their debts and their lives fall apart around their wont. For most people, chancing is something they do on occasion as a signifier of diversion. When the game is over, they move on to other non-gambling activities. Remember to maintain it that manner, and to cognize when to discontinue. You will be glad you did. Bibliography Gambling/Gaming. . Shaffer, H. J. , and Hall, M. N. Estimating the Prevalence of Adolescent Gambling Disorders: A Quantitative Synthesis and Guide Toward Standard Gambling Nomenclature. Journal of Gambling Studies 12 1996: 193-214. Svendsen, Roger. ( 1998 ) . Beyond the Odds. Gambling and College Students. ( 1998, Summer ) .

Causes of Road Accidents in Pakistan free essay sample

ISSN 2304-375X Causes of Road Accidents in Pakistan By Abdul Manan Khan1 and Ansa Tehreem2 Abstract Every day many people are killed and injured on our roads. Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of road users, specially the poor. Main causes which are found behind these road accidents are lack of training institutes, unskilled drivers, poor road conditions, use of cell phone during driving, use of intoxicants, over loading and poor performance of government in this regard. If these issues are tackled in a manner way then it can positively affect the social and economic conditions of the residents of developing countries. Key Words: Public Health, Road Accidents, Traffic Accidents 1. Introduction and Literature Review The growth and development of a nation depends, largely, upon the capacity of its transport system to move persons and goods to desired locations safety. In Pakistani society, nuclear family system is very common. Here, it is like a trend that one or two members of family earn the money and other family members heavily depend on them. In developing countries, like Pakistan, roads often carry a wide range of users – from heavy goods-vehicles to bicycles and pedestrians without any separation. Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a significant, cause of any disability, death and economic loss in developing countries like Pakistan. Among the pedestrians, the most vulnerable are those young people who play an important part in the socio-economic growth of the country. In Pakistan, male proportion play dominant role to run their families economically, so they have to face more problems like injuries and disability. Every day many people are killed and injured on our roads. Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of road users, specially the poor. Road traffic injuries are a major but neglected global public health problem, requiring concerted efforts for effective and sustainable avoidance. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic crashes each year is estimated at almost 1. 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million (WHO, 2004). In economic terms, the cost of road crash injuries is projected at roughly 1% of gross national product (GNP) in low-income countries, 1. 5% in middle-income countries and 2% in high-income countries (Soderlund,1995). The economic cost of road crashes and injuries is estimated to be over Rs100 billion for Pakistan (Ahmad, 2008). 1 Graduate, Department of Sociology,University of Gujrat, Gujrat. 2 Graduate, University of the Punjab, Lahore 23 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Lower socio-economic groups have limited access to post-crash emergency health care (Mock, etal1997). In Pakistan also, a large portion of population has also limited access to post-crash emergency health care which causes a precious loss of lives. In many developing countries, the costs of prolonged medical care, the loss of the family breadwinner, the cost of a funeral, and the loss of income due to disability can push families into poverty (Hijar etal 2003). In developing countries, the population groups exposed to the highest risks of injury and death from road crashes, pedestrians and users of motorized two-wheelers – are from lower socioeconomic groups (Nantulya, 2003 and Ghaffar A, 2004). In Mexico, the second commonest cause of children being orphaned is traffic crashes (Hijar etal, 2003). Pakistan is also a developing country where a large number of people die every because of the road-side accidents. Especially death proportion of pedestrians and motorcyclists are very high which mostly belong to lower socio-economic groups of society. Recent studies have shown that pedestrians and motorcyclists have the highest rates of injury in Asia (Yang,etal 2003 and Suriyanwongpaisal etal 2003). In Pakistan Incidence of road traffic injuries was 15. 0 (including minor injuries) per 1,000 persons per year (Ghaffar etal 2004). If we use this rate in 2008 it will be in millions. The burden of injury is unequal. More boys are injured than girls, and children from poorer families have higher rates of injury. In 2002, males accounted for 73% of all road traffic deaths, with an overall rate almost three times that for females: 27. 6 per 100 000 population and 10. 4 per 100 000 population, respectively (WHO, 2004). Pakistan is a patriarchal society, where most of the time male family members are the primary source of income. So, the higher rate of road traffic deaths among men, can even more severely affect the socio-economic status of the family as well as the whole social structure of the society. In Pakistan, among males of the economically active age group accidental death rate is very high, and also according to the study, motor vehicle injuries are the third most important cause of death in developing countries. (Soderlund 1995). It is projected that RTA will be the second most common cause of disability-adjusted life years in developing countries in the year 2020 (Murray, 1997). Road traffic crashes can place a heavy burden on the family and friends of the injured person. According to WHO estimates for 2002, there were 180500 children killed as the result of road crashes. Some 97% of these child road deaths occurred in low-income and middle-income countries (WHO, 2004). There are many factors which cause the accidents. The motorized traffic on these roads is capable of high acceleration and speed, both key factors in the causes of road crash injury. Most of the factors of traffic accidents are the driver, the highway and motor vehicles (Aaron ,1990, Balogun etal,1992; Luby etal,1997 and Mock etal,1999). Majority of road users including motorists and pedestrians lack road sense, leading to frequent road accidents and continued traffic jams across the country. Some other research evidence also indicates that the human element is responsible for 80 to 85% of all traffic accidents. Traffic violations, driving while intoxicated and lack of driving courtesy are the results of human actions. Unsafe highway and road conditions cause about 10% of all traffic accidents while mechanical deficiencies are responsible for nearly 5% of all traffic problems (Aaron,1990; Collier, 1983; American Automobile Association, 1988; Mc Glade, 1980). Traffic violations like signal crossing, driving without license, wrong parking, usage of mobile phones while driving, wrong overtaking, disregard of zebra crossing, riding motorbikes without lights and helmets, 24 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X over-speeding, change of lane sans using indicators are so common in Pakistan which are the major cause of accident in our society. 2. Data Collection and Methodology This study is based on primary data which is collected from people belongs to transportation system and drivers of LTV, HTV, motorcyclist and pedestrians. For this purpose 100 cases were selected from the universe as described by Neumann (1997). Data is collected via discussion and questionnaire on causes of road accidents and its aspects from each side. 3. Data Analysis On the basis of primary data, when we ask to respondents about the main reason behind road accidents then 40% of the respondents answer that ignorance of traffic rules is the main reason of road accidents. While 32% respondents answer that rash driving and 28% of the view that untrained drivers are the cause of road accidents. This whole issue is shown in table 1. Table 1. Reasons of Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Ignorance of traffic rules 40. 0 40. 0 Rash driving 32. 0 72. 0 Untrained drivers 28. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 When we put the question that is poor conditions of roads is responsible for accidents then 44% of the respondents answer that to some extent poor conditions of roads cause accidents and 32% people response that yes, poor condition of roads is responsible and all is shown in table 2. Table 2. Is Poor Condition of Roads Responsible for Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 32. 0 32. 0 No 24. 0 56. 0 To some extent 44. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 25 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Our next question highlight another burning issue that 68% of the road accidents occur due to untrained/ unskilled drivers while only 12% of the respondents view that unskilled drivers are not responsible, which is shown in table 3. Table 3. Accidents Occur Due to Unskilled Drivers Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 68. 0 68. 0 No 12. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 In most of the parts of the country, one wheeling occurs by young people on roads and 76% of the respondents view that this cause road accidents while only 4% of the respondents answer that one wheeling is not a cause of accidents. Table 4 shows detailed data on this issue. Table 4. Is One Wheeling Causes Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 76. 0 76. 0 No 4. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Use of cell phones during driving cause road accidents and government take measures to avoid cell phone and there is some penalty. The 52% of the respondents answers that use of cell phone during driving cause accidents while 40% answer to some extent it cause, only 8% view that cell phone is not the cause of road accidents. This is shown in detail in table 5. Table 5. Is Use of Cell Phone Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 52. 0 52. 0 No 8. 0 60. 0 To some extent 40. 0 100. 0 26 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Total 100. 0 Another issue was raised when we ask a question from respondents that are use of drugs during driving cause road accidents. The answer was astonished us that only 4% of the respondents view that drugs is not a cause of accidents while 72% and 24% response yes and to some extent, respectively. As shown in table 6 below. Table 6. Use of Drugs during Driving Cause Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 72. 0 72. 0 No 4. 0 76. 0 To some extent 24. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Overloading is another cause of road accidents and respondents answer that overloading is the cause of road accidents as shown in table 7. Table 7. Is Overloading Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 40. 0 40. 0 No 4. 0 44. 0 To some extent 6. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The literacy rate in Pakistan is low which relates with road accidents because most of the drivers are illiterate and can’t read anything even helping booklet/ safety guides on roads. The 72% of the respondents answer that lack of awareness about driving rules and other safety measures is the cause of road accidents. Only 8% of the respondents view that it is not a cause of road accidents and all this is shown in table 8. Table 8. Is Lack of Awareness Causes Road Accidents 27 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 2. 0 72. 0 No 8. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Above all information explains the causes of road accidents but now we have collected some information about the role of different administrative institutes in overcoming these issues. When we ask about role of government in reducing the ratio of accidents then 40% of the respondents are of the view that government is playing poor role and there is need to improve its role. 28% respondents answer that its role is satisfactory while only 8% response that government is playing excellent role, detail about this is given in table 9. Table 9. Role of Govt. in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 8. 0 8. 0 Very good 24. 0 32. 0 Satisfactory 28. 0 60. 0 Poor 40. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The role of traffic police in reducing the road accidents is better and 52% of the respondents show satisfactory role of traffic police while 24% answers very good. So the overall role of traffic police is good but the problem exists when we make a comparison between roads and number of police servants. Only 8% of the respondents answer that traffic police is playing poor role, which is shown in table 10. Table 10. Role of Traffic Police in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 16. 0 16. 0 Very good 24. 0 40. 0 Satisfactory 52. 0 92. 0 28 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Poor 8. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Conclusion The main objective of this paper is to highlight the main causes of road accidents in Pakistan. On the basis of primary data we conclude the paper as following. The main reason of traffic accidents is due to lack of awareness about rules and regulation, so there is need of institutes for awareness about these rules. Government may create awareness in public by offering different courses in educational institutes and also distribute some material for drivers and for general public also. Government needs to make some core courses/ training before the provision of license and traffic police should keep strong check and balance in this regard. Another problem which causes road accidents is overloading, use of cell phone during driving and drugs addiction by majority of the drivers. These all issues can be solved by creating awareness and by applying some penalty to defaulters. These are not serious issues and easily solved by the strong system of check and balance by any administrative authority. By overcoming on these causes we can save a lot of benefits in the shape of monetary and non-monetary terms. In a nut shell, we say that road accidents are playing prominent role in the families of victims of traffic accidents which is the loss of property on one side while death of humanity is on the other hand. These both can through a family into a vicious circle of poverty and then it impacts on the overall economy. So need of the day is to take some encouraging steps by public side and individuals side also. References ? A Resource Curriculum in Driver and Traffic Safety Education, (1990), Washington D. C. Automative Safety Foundation. ? Aaron, J. E. and Strasser, M. K. , (1990), Driver and Traffic Safety Education, London: The Macmillan Company. ? Ahmad, B. , (2006), Country Report on Road Network in Pakistan, Ministry of Communications, Islambad. ? Balogun, J. , A. Abereoje, (1992), Pattern of Road Traffic Accidents cases in a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital between: 1987 and 1990, Journal of Tropical Medicine 95: 23-29. Collier, J. P, (1983), Automotive Safety Education London, Macmillan Publishers. 29 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X ? Ghaffar, A. , Hyder A. A. and Masud, T. I. , (2004), The burden of road traffic injuries in developing countries: the 1st National Injury Survey of Pakistan Public Health. ? Hijar, M. , Vazquez-Vela, E, Arreola-Risa, (20 03), Pedestrian traffic injuries in Mexico: a country update. Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 10:37–43 ? McGlade, F, (1980), Adjustive Behaviour and Safety Performance Sringfield, Illinois: Carl of C. Thomas Publisher. ? Mock, C. , Amegashie J. and Darteh, K, (1999), Role of Commercial Drivers in motor vehicle related injuries in Ghana. Inj. Prev 5: 268-271 ? Mock, C. N. , nii-Amon-Kotei D. , and Maier, R. V. , (1997), Low utilization of formal medical services by injured persons in a developing nation: health service data underestimate the importance of trauma. Journal of Trauma. 42:504–513. ? Murray, CJL, Lopez A. D. , (1997), Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet . 349:1498504. Nantulya, V. M. , and Reich M. R. , (2003), Equity dimensions of road traffic injuries in low and middle-income countries: Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 10:13–20. ? Neumann, W. L. , (1997), Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Allyss and Bacon, USA. ? Peden M, McGee K, and Sharma G, (2002), The injury chart book: a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries. Geneva, World He alth Organization. ? Peden, M. , Scurfield, R. , et al (2004), World Report on Traffic Injuries Prevention; Geneva, WHO ? Soderlund N, Zwi A. B. (1995), Traffic related mortality in industrialized and less developed countries. BuU World Health Organ. 73:175-82. ? Stutts, Hunter. , (1999), Motor Vehicle and Roadway factors in pedestrians and Bicyclist injuries. Accd Aral Prev. 31:505-514. ? Suriyanwongpaisal, P. , and Kanchanasut S, (2003), Road traffic injuries in Thailand: trends, selected underlying determinants and status of intervention. Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 10:95–104. ? Yang, B. M. , and Kim J. , (2003), Road traffic accidents and policy interventions in Korea. Injury control and Safety Promotion. 0:89–93. ? www. makeroadssafe. org ? www. prb. org/Articles/2006/RoadTrafficAccidentsIncreaseDramaticallyWorldwide. aspx ? www. asiaone. com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20080719-77661. html ? www. dawn. com/2008/04/27/nat16. htm ? www. dailymailn ews. com/200802/13/news/dmboxitem2. html ? www. dawn. com/2008/04/27/nat16. htm ? www. statpak. gov. pkJ. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Causes of Road Accidents in Pakistan By Abdul Manan Khan1 and Ansa Tehreem2 Abstract Every day many people are killed and injured on our roads. Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of road users, specially the poor. Main causes which are found behind these road accidents are lack of training institutes, unskilled drivers, poor road conditions, use of cell phone during driving, use of intoxicants, over loading and poor performance of government in this regard. If these issues are tackled in a manner way then it can positively affect the social and economic conditions of the residents of developing countries. Key Words: Public Health, Road Accidents, Traffic Accidents 1. Introduction and Literature Review The growth and development of a nation depends, largely, upon the capacity of its transport system to move persons and goods to desired locations safety. In Pakistani society, nuclear family system is very common. Here, it is like a trend that one or two members of family earn the money and other family members heavily depend on them. In developing countries, like Pakistan, roads often carry a wide range of users – from heavy goods-vehicles to bicycles and pedestrians without any separation. Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a significant, cause of any disability, death and economic loss in developing countries like Pakistan. Among the pedestrians, the most vulnerable are those young people who play an important part in the socio-economic growth of the country. In Pakistan, male proportion play dominant role to run their families economically, so they have to face more problems like injuries and disability. Every day many people are killed and injured on our roads. Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of road users, specially the poor. Road traffic injuries are a major but neglected global public health problem, requiring concerted efforts for effective and sustainable avoidance. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic crashes each year is estimated at almost 1. 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million (WHO, 2004). In economic terms, the cost of road crash injuries is projected at roughly 1% of gross national product (GNP) in low-income countries, 1. 5% in middle-income countries and 2% in high-income countries (Soderlund,1995). The economic cost of road crashes and injuries is estimated to be over Rs100 billion for Pakistan (Ahmad, 2008). 1 Graduate, Department of Sociology,University of Gujrat, Gujrat. 2 Graduate, University of the Punjab, Lahore 23 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Lower socio-economic groups have limited access to post-crash emergency health care (Mock, etal1997). In Pakistan also, a large portion of population has also limited access to post-crash emergency health care which causes a precious loss of lives. In many developing countries, the costs of prolonged medical care, the loss of the family breadwinner, the cost of a funeral, and the loss of income due to disability can push families into poverty (Hijar etal 2003). In developing countries, the population groups exposed to the highest risks of injury and death from road crashes, pedestrians and users of motorized two-wheelers – are from lower socioeconomic groups (Nantulya, 2003 and Ghaffar A, 2004). In Mexico, the second commonest cause of children being orphaned is traffic crashes (Hijar etal, 2003). Pakistan is also a developing country where a large number of people die every because of the road-side accidents. Especially death proportion of pedestrians and motorcyclists are very high which mostly belong to lower socio-economic groups of society. Recent studies have shown that pedestrians and motorcyclists have the highest rates of injury in Asia (Yang,etal 2003 and Suriyanwongpaisal etal 2003). In Pakistan Incidence of road traffic injuries was 15. (including minor injuries) per 1,000 persons per year (Ghaffar etal 2004). If we use this rate in 2008 it will be in millions. The burden of injury is unequal. More boys are injured than girls, and children from poorer families have higher rates of injury. In 2002, males accounted for 73% of all road traffic deaths, with an overall rate almost three times that for females: 27. 6 per 100 000 population and 10. 4 per 100 000 populat ion, respectively (WHO, 2004). Pakistan is a patriarchal society, where most of the time male family members are the primary source of income. So, the higher rate of road traffic deaths among men, can even more severely affect the socio-economic status of the family as well as the whole social structure of the society. In Pakistan, among males of the economically active age group accidental death rate is very high, and also according to the study, motor vehicle injuries are the third most important cause of death in developing countries. (Soderlund 1995). It is projected that RTA will be the second most common cause of disability-adjusted life years in developing countries in the year 2020 (Murray, 1997). Road traffic crashes can place a heavy burden on the family and friends of the injured person. According to WHO estimates for 2002, there were 180500 children killed as the result of road crashes. Some 97% of these child road deaths occurred in low-income and middle-income countries (WHO, 2004). There are many factors which cause the accidents. The motorized traffic on these roads is capable of high acceleration and speed, both key factors in the causes of road crash injury. Most of the factors of traffic accidents are the driver, the highway and motor vehicles (Aaron ,1990, Balogun etal,1992; Luby etal,1997 and Mock etal,1999). Majority of road users including motorists and pedestrians lack road sense, leading to frequent road accidents and continued traffic jams across the country. Some other research evidence also indicates that the human element is responsible for 80 to 85% of all traffic accidents. Traffic violations, driving while intoxicated and lack of driving courtesy are the results of human actions. Unsafe highway and road conditions cause about 10% of all traffic accidents while mechanical deficiencies are responsible for nearly 5% of all traffic problems (Aaron,1990; Collier, 1983; American Automobile Association, 1988; Mc Glade, 1980). Traffic violations like signal crossing, driving without license, wrong parking, usage of mobile phones while driving, wrong overtaking, disregard of zebra crossing, riding motorbikes without lights and helmets, 24 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X over-speeding, change of lane sans using indicators are so common in Pakistan which are the major cause of accident in our society. 2. Data Collection and Methodology This study is based on primary data which is collected from people belongs to transportation system and drivers of LTV, HTV, motorcyclist and pedestrians. For this purpose 100 cases were selected from the universe as described by Neumann (1997). Data is collected via discussion and questionnaire on causes of road accidents and its aspects from each side. 3. Data Analysis On the basis of primary data, when we ask to respondents about the main reason behind road accidents then 40% of the respondents answer that ignorance of traffic rules is the main reason of road accidents. While 32% respondents answer that rash driving and 28% of the view that untrained drivers are the cause of road accidents. This whole issue is shown in table 1. Table 1. Reasons of Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Ignorance of traffic rules 40. 0 40. 0 Rash driving 32. 0 72. 0 Untrained drivers 28. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 When we put the question that is poor conditions of roads is responsible for accidents then 44% of the respondents answer that to some extent poor conditions of roads cause accidents and 32% people response that yes, poor condition of roads is responsible and all is shown in table 2. Table 2. Is Poor Condition of Roads Responsible for Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 32. 0 32. 0 No 24. 0 56. 0 To some extent 44. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 25 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Our next question highlight another burning issue that 68% of the road accidents occur due to untrained/ unskilled drivers while only 12% of the respondents view that unskilled drivers are not responsible, which is shown in table 3. Table 3. Accidents Occur Due to Unskilled Drivers Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 68. 0 68. 0 No 12. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 In most of the parts of the country, one wheeling occurs by young people on roads and 76% of the respondents view that this cause road accidents while only 4% of the respondents answer that one wheeling is not a cause of accidents. Table 4 shows detailed data on this issue. Table 4. Is One Wheeling Causes Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 76. 0 76. 0 No 4. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Use of cell phones during driving cause road accidents and government take measures to avoid cell phone and there is some penalty. The 52% of the respondents answers that use of cell phone during driving cause accidents while 40% answer to some extent it cause, only 8% view that cell phone is not the cause of road accidents. This is shown in detail in table 5. Table 5. Is Use of Cell Phone Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 52. 0 52. 0 No 8. 0 60. 0 To some extent 40. 0 100. 0 26 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Total 100. 0 Another issue was raised when we ask a question from respondents that are use of drugs during driving cause road accidents. The answer was astonished us that only 4% of the respondents view that drugs is not a cause of accidents while 72% and 24% response yes and to some extent, respectively. As shown in table 6 below. Table 6. Use of Drugs during Driving Cause Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 72. 0 72. 0 No 4. 0 76. 0 To some extent 24. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Overloading is another cause of road accidents and respondents answer that overloading is the cause of road accidents as shown in table 7. Table 7. Is Overloading Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 40. 0 40. 0 No 4. 0 44. 0 To some extent 56. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The literacy rate in Pakistan is low which relates with road accidents because most of the drivers are illiterate and can’t read anything even helping booklet/ safety guides on roads. The 72% of the respondents answer that lack of awareness about driving rules and other safety measures is the cause of road accidents. Only 8% of the respondents view that it is not a cause of road accidents and all this is shown in table 8. Table 8. Is Lack of Awareness Causes Road Accidents 7 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 72. 0 72. 0 No 8. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Above all information explains the causes of road accidents but now we have collected some information about the role of different administrative institutes in overcoming these issues. When we ask about role of government in reducing the ratio of accidents then 40% of the res pondents are of the view that government is playing poor role and there is need to improve its role. 8% respondents answer that its role is satisfactory while only 8% response that government is playing excellent role, detail about this is given in table 9. Table 9. Role of Govt. in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 8. 0 8. 0 Very good 24. 0 32. 0 Satisfactory 28. 0 60. 0 Poor 40. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The role of traffic police in reducing the road accidents is better and 52% of the respondents show satisfactory role of traffic police while 24% answers very good. So the overall role of traffic police is good but the problem exists when we make a comparison between roads and number of police servants. Only 8% of the respondents answer that traffic police is playing poor role, which is shown in table 10. Table 10. Role of Traffic Police in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 16. 0 16. 0 Very good 24. 0 40. 0 Satisfactory 52. 0 92. 0 28 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Poor 8. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Conclusion The main objective of this paper is to highlight the main causes of road accidents in Pakistan. On the basis of primary data we conclude the paper as following. The main reason of traffic accidents is due to lack of awareness bout rules and regulation, so there is need of institutes for awareness about these rules. Government may create awareness in public by offering different courses in educational institutes and also distribute some material for drivers and for general public also. Government needs to make some core courses/ training before the provision of license and traffic police should keep strong check and ba lance in this regard. Another problem which causes road accidents is overloading, use of cell phone during driving and drugs addiction by majority of the drivers. These all issues can be solved by creating awareness and by applying some penalty to defaulters. These are not serious issues and easily solved by the strong system of check and balance by any administrative authority. By overcoming on these causes we can save a lot of benefits in the shape of monetary and non-monetary terms. In a nut shell, we say that road accidents are playing prominent role in the families of victims of traffic accidents which is the loss of property on one side while death of humanity is on the other hand. These both can through a family into a vicious circle of poverty and then it impacts on the overall economy. So need of the day is to take some encouraging steps by public side and individuals side also. References ? A Resource Curriculum in Driver and Traffic Safety Education, (1990), Washington D. C. Automative Safety Foundation. ? Aaron, J. E. and Strasser, M. K. , (1990), Driver and Traffic Safety Education, London: The Macmillan Company. ? Ahmad, B. , (2006), Country Report on Road Network in Pakistan, Ministry of Communications, Islambad. ? Balogun, J. , A. 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